A Swiss walnut pedestal Table, Victorian large mahogany Library Bookcase, Victorian papier-mache Chairs
A Swiss walnut pedestal Table, Victorian large mahogany Library Bookcase, Victorian papier-mache Chairs
A George Ill-style painted and
upholstered Berger, circa 1910,
covered in brocade, the padded arms
with turned facings, the bowed seat with
a cushion, on turned tapering legs.
A Victorian large mahogany Library Bookcase, circa 1850, formerly part of a larger bookcase, with receded terminals and acanthus carved corbels, the molded cornice above six
glazed paneled doors enclosing adjustable shelves, below are four paneled doors and a plinth base, altered and restored, 238cm. high by 366cm. wide; 7ft. by 12ft.
A Victorian walnut ‘Savonarola’ Chair, circa 1900, with ladder back and stuffed velvet seat, the splayed legs joined by an ‘X’-shaped stretcher.
A Victorian teak and brass-bound secretaries Military Chest, circa 1860, in two parts, the fitted writing drawer flanked by four short drawers.
A Victorian olivewood Work Table, circa 1850, the octagonal molded top enclosing a fretted lid and yellow moire silk-linear interior, on concave splat supports, a molded
baluster pillar and concave-sided platform with molded scroll feet, 71cm. nigh by 48cm.2ft. 4in. by 7in.
A parquetry Side Cabinet, late
19th Century, in the Louis XV/XVI
Transitional style, with bowed ends and
cabriole legs, the frieze inlaid to simulate
fluting and containing four drawers,
with four quarter-veneered cupboards
below inlaid with baskets and sprays of
flowers, with gilt-bronze mounts, 117cm.
high by 89cm. wide; 3ft. by
7ft. 22in.
A pair of George Ill-style
satinwood and floral painted shield-back
Chairs, circa 1890, with pierced splats
and stuffed bowed seats covered in
brocade, the tapered square legs ending
in collars.
A Victorian rosewood
Bonheur-du-Jour, circa 1900, inlaid with
satinwood stringing and arabesques, with
rear hinged domed cover revealing
stationery compartments, pen tray and
inkwell, the fold-over top revealing an
inset, the two apron drawers above
tapered square legs and galleried
under tier, on brass capping and castors,
69cm. wide; 2ft. 3in.
A pair of Victorian papier-mache
Chairs, circa 1860, with foliate painting
and gilt festoons, the spiral-twist back
supports with a needlework splat, the
matching seat above turned legs joined
by bobbin turned stretchers
A Victorian rosewood Stool, circa 1860, the rectangular stuffed seat covered in green brocade, the scroll carved apron above acanthus-clad cabriole legs, on scroll feet .
A Victorian rosewood Pole Screen, circa 1850, with scroll carved velvet framed panel, the brass and baluster pillar above a circular base, on triple molded feet, 144cm. high;
4ft. 82in.
An Edwardian mahogany Display
Cabinet, circa 1910, the pierced fret
pediment with vase-turned finials, the
pear-drop cornice above a pair of arched
astragal doors enclosing a pleated
fabric-lined interior with glass shelves,
the combined stand with chamfered
square legs and pierced angle brackets
joined by a fretwork under tier, fitted for
electric light, 174cm. high by 112cm. wide;
5ft. 82in. by 3ft. 8in.
CONTINENTAL FURNITURE
A Continental 18th Century-style
walnut Chest, circa 1850, with specimen
parquetry banding and canted corners,
the den tilled cornice above three long
drawers, on shaped bracket feet, 97cm.
high by 114cm. wide; 3ft. 2in. by 3ft. 9in.
An Italian carved and gilt framed
Wall Mirror, modern, in the George
II-style, with pierced foliate scroll
surround, the pagoda surmount above
wave and flame motifs, the apron
centered by a cartouche, 160cm.
high by 82cm. wide; 5ft. 3in. by 2ft. 8in.
A Dutch mahogany and
cross banded bow-front Cabinet
Bookcase, circa 1890, inlaid with
chevron banding and satinwood urns
and maidens, the blind-fret cornice
above a pair of paneled doors enclosing
adjustable shelves, below are two frieze
drawers and a pair of paneled doors, on
shaped bracket feet, restored, 221cm. high
by l05cm. wide; 7ft. 3in. by 3ft. 51.
A Dutch parquetry and walnut serpentine-fronted side Table, circa 1750, with an arrangement of four drawers and a shaped apron, on cabriole legs and pad feet, drawer stamped
From Geoffrey R. Edwards Furniture Warehouse, 12 Dotcom Street, S. W.
A Florentine ornate carved frame Mirror, circa 1730, the shaped plate with bold floral scroll surround, gilt tarnished, 74cm. high by 63cm. wide; 2ft. 5in. by
2ft.
A Dutch parquetry and
mahogany bow-front Corner Cupboard,
circa 1800, the door above shaped and
tapered square feet, 84cm. high by 69cm.
wide; 2ft. 9tn. by 2ft. 3m.
A German mahogany Bureau,
circa 1870, the raised back with three
drawers, the piano molded fall-front
revealing a maple veneered interior with
leather cloth inset and three drawers,
below are three apron drawers, on
turned and receded tapering legs, 112cm.
high by 130cm. wide; 3ft. 8in. by 4ft. 3in.
An Empire mahogany Side
Cabinet, circa 1820, the frieze drawer
above a pair of paneled doors flanked
by Corinthian pilasters, on block feet,
95cm. high by 93cm. wide; 3ft. by
3ft. 2in.
A Swiss walnut pedestal Table, circa 1860, the oval serpentine top with satinwood vine inlay and medallions, decorated in pinwork with a reclining lion, deer and goats, the
pierced apron above an ornate carved scroll tripod base, 93cm. wide;
VICTORIAN, EDWARDIAN FURNITURE, A Victorian rosewood Canterbury, A Victorian rosewood pedestal Table, Dwarf Bookcase
VICTORIAN, EDWARDIAN FURNITURE, A Victorian rosewood Canterbury, A Victorian rosewood pedestal Table, Dwarf Bookcase
A George Ill-style mahogany four-poster Bed, circa 1900, with key pattern cornice and damask-lined canopy, with twin receded baluster pillars and damask drapes, the box-spring
base with a feather mattress, on square lock feet and castors, 142cm. wide; 4ft. 8in.
A George Ill-style mahogany kneehole Dressing Table, made-up, with brass carrying handles and three frieze drawers, the arched kneehole flanked by two drawers and a pair of
cupboards simulating drawers, on shaped bracket feet, 84cm. wide; 2ft. 9in. ?150-250
A pair of Victorian walnut and they wood corner Display Cabinets, circa 1855, formerly part of a side cabinet, with ormolu mounts an inlaid with stringing and arabesques, the
bowed glazed door enclosing a velvet-lined and shelved interior flanked by four baluster turned and fluted Corinthian pillars, on a plinth base and turned feet, altered, one
cabinet with cracked glazed panel, 89cm. high by 80cm. wide; 2ft. 11m. by 2ft.
A George Ill-style mahogany
serpentine-fronted Chest, circa 1900,
with kingwood banding and satinwood
stringing, the four long graduated
drawers flanked by canted corners, on
shaped bracket feet, together with a
plate glass top, 81cm. high by 102cm. wide;
2ft. 8in. by 3ft. 4in.
A George Ill-style mahogany
framed shield-shaped Toilet Mirror,
circa 1900, the serpentine-front plinth
with three drawers and canted blind-fret
corners, on ogee bracket feet, restored,
61cm. wide; 3ft.
A George Ill-style satinwood and
painted Armchair, circa 1900, with
caned back and arms, the bowed cane
seat with a cushion, the ring turned legs
ending in brass capping and castors.
A Victorian rosewood
Canterbury, circa 1870, in the manner of
Edwards & Roberts, inlaid with satinwood
stringing, the open tier above a recess
with mirror back and scroll carved
terminals, below is a fall-front paneled
door inlaid with vase and fruit within
arabesques and pattered, the interior with
three shelves, the gadrooned turned feet
ending in ceramic castors, 97cm. high by
65cm. wide; 3ft. 2m. by 2ft.
A George Ill-style stained beech
and upholstered Armchair, made-up, in
the French Hippie white manner, the stuffed back, padded arms and bowed seat covered in blue striped fabric, on baluster turned and fluted legs.
A George Ill-style mahogany
Armchair, made-up, the leaf carved
cresting rail above a pierced and
interlaced vase-shaped splat, the slip-in
seat with gadrooned apron, the acanthus
carved cabriole legs ending in claw and
ball feet.
A Victorian rosewood pedestal
Table, circa 1840, the circular tilt-top
with a den tilled border, the gadrooned
and jeweled baluster pillar above a
carved tripod base, on claw feet and
concealed castors, faults, 135cm 4ft. 5in.
A set of twenty-eight Victorian oak rail-back Chairs, circa 1860, the stuffed leather cloth seats above an apron with quart form and lancet motifs, on ring turned tapering legs
.
A George Il-style mahogany and parcel-gilt framed Wall Mirror, modern, the acanthus scroll pediment with an eagle, the rectangular plate above a scroll apron, 91.5cm. high by
91.5cm. wide; 3ft. by 3ft.
A George Ill-style mahogany ‘D’-end twin-pedestal Table, made-up, extending with two leaf insertions and with two rail bearers, the baluster turned
pillars above tripod supports ending in rasps capping and castors, 100 by 221cm. fully extended; 3ft. 3V2in. by 7ft. 3in.
A set of six George Ill-style
satinwood Chairs, circa 1900, with
ebonized-strung borders, the shield backs
with pierced vase-shaped splats and lotus
carved surmounts, the stuffed bowed
seats covered in gold damask, on tapered
square legs and spade feet.
A George Ill-style mahogany
Dwarf Bookcase, circa 1910, with a
pierced brass gallery and satinwood
banding, the three open shelves above
tapered square feet, 92cm. high by 53cm.
wide; 3ft. by 9in.
A set of six George Ill-style carved mahogany Chairs, circa 1910, the acanthus carved cresting rails above pierced and interlaced vase-shaped splats, the individual slip-in
seats with carved cabriole legs, on claw and ball feet, bearing trade label of Graham and Banks, 445 Oxford Street, London .
A set of eight George Ill-style
mahogany Chairs, modern, including
two armchairs, the scroll and foliate
carved cresting rails above pierced
vase-shaped splats, the slip-in seats
covered in rose-pink fabric, the carved
cabriole legs ending in claw and ball feet.
A set of six George II-style
mahogany Chairs, circa 1910, the scroll
cresting rails with a receded medallion
surmount above a pierced and interlaced
vase-shaped splat, the slip-in seats
covered in pale-green damask, the
cabriole legs ending in claw and ball feet.
A set of four Queen Anne-style
walnut Chairs, circa 1900, the drapery
carved cresting rail above a solid
vase-shaped splat, with a slip-in seat, the
cabriole legs joined by a turned
‘H’-shaped stretcher, on pad feet .
A set of six George Ill-style
mahogany Chairs, circa 1900, including
two armchairs, the carved backs with
splats, the seats covered in gold brocade, the chamfered tapered square legs joined by stretchers.
A set of eight George Ill-style
mahogany Chairs, circa 1910, including
two armchairs, the carved backs with
arched cresting rails, the pierced
vase-shaped splats surmounted by a
cartouche, the slip-in seats covered in
distressed hide, the acanthus carved
cabriole legs ending in claw and ball feet.
A George II-style carved
mahogany and upholstered Library
Armchair, circa 1900, the arched back,
padded arms and stuffed seat covered in
needlework, with grotesque mask
arm-facings, the acanthus carved and
scroll apron with masks and scallop-shell
motifs, on cabriole legs and claw feet.
A George III mahogany Linen Press, William IV mahogany Chairs, mahogany pedestal Desk, mahogany break-front Cabinet
A George III mahogany Linen Press, William IV mahogany Chairs, mahogany pedestal Desk, mahogany break-front Cabinet
A set of six William IV mahogany Chairs, circa 1830, with lotus carved cresting rails and clasp-shaped mid-bars, the Trafalgar seats above lappet-clad turned and tapering legs,
stamped with initials I.D.
A set of four Regency simulated
bamboo painted Chairs, circa 1815, the
rail-backs with disc and bobbin turned
mid-bars, the turned legs joined by
stretchers .
A Regency mahogany and cane Crib, formerly with a canopy, with rocking action, the ring turned end supports joined by twin pole stretchers, on receded splayed feet and later
castors, 102cm. long; 3ft. 4in.
A set of eight George IV
mahogany Chairs, circa 1825, including
two armchairs, the cresting rail above a
drapery-style mid-bar, with Trafalgar
seats, on turned and lotus-clad tapering
legs .
A George III mahogany
Occasional Table, circa 1760, the
circular tilt-top above a baluster turned
pillar, on tripod supports, top split, 74cm.
2ft. 5m.
A George IV mahogany pedestal
Desk, circa 1825, the tooled leather-inset
top above three frieze drawers, the
pedestals each with three drawers above
later shaped bracket feet, restored,
stamped W. P. Priest, Water Square,
Black friars.
A nest of three George III
satinwood and rosewood cross banded
Tables, circa 1790, with satinwood-
strung borders, the slender ring turned
legs with bowed stretchers, on splayed
feet, restored, 46cm. wide; 6in.
A mahogany break-front Cabinet,
made-up, the frieze drawer above a
recess flanked by a real and dummy
drawer and cupboards, on a plinth base,
81cm. high by 165cm. wide; 2ft. 8in. by
5ft. 5in.
A George II mahogany
rectangular drop-leaf Table, circa 1750,
the ogee molded frieze above cabriole
legs ending in claw and ball feet, restored,
97by 145cm. extended; 3ft. 2in. by 4ft. 9in.
A George III mahogany
Box-on-Stand, circa 1790, with
satinwood banding and hinged cover,
the combined stand now with two
under tiers, on tapered square legs
ending in brass capping and castors,
56cm. wide;
A George III mahogany
twin-pedestal ‘D’-end Table, circa 1760,
now without leaves, on baluster turned pillars and tripod supports, restored.
A George III green painted
Library Armchair Frame, circa 1780,
with gilt painted stringing and bowed
seat, the slender cabriole legs joined by
stretchers, restored; together with an oval
gilt Picture Frame, 127 by 178cm.;
4ft. 2in. by 5ft.
A George III mahogany Linen
Press, circa 1790, inlaid with satinwood
stringing, the domed cornice above a
pair of oval paneled doors enclosing
sliding trays, below are two short and
two long drawers, the valance apron
with splayed bracket feet, 210cm. high by
122cm. wide; 6ft. 10l2in. by 4ft.
A George III mahogany
Chest-on-Chest, circa 1790, the
satinwood banded frieze above two short
and three long graduated drawers, below
are three long graduated drawers and a
valance apron, on splayed bracket feet,
171cm. high by 109cm. wide; 5ft. 71/2in. by
4ft. 7m.
A George III satinwood and
hardwood oval Wine Table, circa 1790,
the top with a shell medallion, the
tapered square legs surmounted by
medallions, 42cm. wide; 41/2in.
A pair of Regency mahogany receded frame Chairs, circa 1810, the rail backs with pattered carved mid-bars, the Trafalgar seat frames lacking upholstery, on saber legs, restored
.
A George III sycamore and rosewood cross banded small Occasional Table, circa 1790, inlaid with satinwood stringing, the rectangular top above a drawer, on tapered square legs
and spade feet, restored, 51cm. wide; 8in.
A George III carved mahogany
and upholstered Chair, circa 1780, the
oval buttoned back, padded arms and
bowed stuffed seat above tapered and
molded square legs.
A George III small mahogany
Chest, circa 1760, with two short an
three long graduated drawers, on
shaped bracket feet, 80cm. high by 69cm.
wide; 2ft. 71/2m. by 2ft. 3m
A George III mahogany
rectangular Occasional Table, circa
1790, stamped Gallows, with a drawer, on
tapered square legs, 69cm. wide; 2ft. 3in.
A matched set of eight Regency
mahogany rail-back Chairs, circa 1810,
on turned legs, comprising: a set of six
chairs, including two armchairs with
slip-in seats and pair of chairs with
stuffed seats .
A Regency gilt framed convex Wall Mirror, A George II mahogany semi-circular Table, red walnut and mahogany rectangular drop-leaf Table
A Regency gilt framed convex Wall Mirror, A George II mahogany semi-circular Table, red walnut and mahogany rectangular drop-leaf Table
A George III mahogany oval
pedestal Table, circa 1800, the tilt-top
with broad satinwood cross banding and
stringing, the columnar pillar above
quadruple splayed legs ending in brass
capping and castors, 146cm. long;
4ft
A Regency gilt framed convex Wall Mirror, circa 1810, with beaded molding, 76cm.
A William IV mahogany three-tier hanging Wall Shelf, circa 1830, with turned supports and two apron drawers, 67cm. high by 91.5cm. wide; 2ft. 21/2in. by 3ft.
A George III mahogany Side Table, circa 1760, with three drawers and a shaped apron, on chamfered square legs, restored, 76cm. wide; 2ft. 6in.
A Regency gilt framed Over mantel, circa 1815, the ball decorated cornice above a trellis frieze with lion masks, the triple plate flanked by cluster pilasters, 70cm. high by
161cm. wide; 2ft. 3V2in. by 5ft. 31.
A George III mahogany Tea Table, circa 1790, with satinwood and rosewood banding and stringing, the rectangular fold-over top with rounded corners, on tapered square legs, 92cm.
wide; 3ft.
A George III mahogany
Occasional Table, circa 1770, the
associated rectangular tilt-top above a
baluster turned pillar, 70cm. wide;
2ft. 32in.
A George IV small gilt framed
convex Wall Mirror, circa 1825, with
pierced scroll surmount and apron,
82cm. high by 46cm. wide; 2ft. 8m. by
6in.
A George II mahogany semi-circular Table, circa 1750, with a pair of quadrant frieze drawers and a single drop-leaf, the circular tapering legs with lappets to the knees, on pad
feet, restored, 91.5cm. wide; 3ft.
A George I walnut and upholstered Armchair, circa 1720, the arched back and bowed seat covered in blue velvet, the cabriole legs with carved knees, on claw feet, restored
A George III mahogany and cane Berger, circa 1800, the circular seat with a velvet cushion, the ring turned legs on brass capping and castors.
A George III mahogany
three-tier Dumb-Waiter, circa 1770, with
receded baluster turned pillar and tripod
supports, on castors.
A pair of William IV rosewood and brass fire screen Pillars, circa 1835, with individual panels, the turned pillars above a reform Daze, on ball feet, 142cm. high; 4ft. 8in.
A George II mahogany Cabinet Bookcase, circa 1750, the molded cornice above a carved astragal door enclosing adjustable shelves, Delia is a Vitruvius scroll frieze and cleared
door, on a plinth base, restored, 204cm. high by 74cm. wide; 6ft. 8in. by 2ft. 5in.
A George III mahogany Birdcage
Table, circa 1770, the circular tilt-top
above a baluster pillar, on tripod
supports, restored, 76cm. 2ft. 6in.
A George III mahogany Chair,
circa 1760, the frame carved with
bell-flowers, the foliate carved cresting
rail above a pierced Gothic splat, the
stuffed seat covered in nailed
leather cloth, the chamfered square legs
joined by stretchers.
A George IV rosewood pedestal
Table, circa 1825, the circular tilt-top
with horizontal segmented veneers and
beaded apron, the base with beaded
moldings, the reduced reform pillar
with scroll corbels to the base, on
gadrooned bun feet and concealed
castors, base moldings partially lacking,
122cm. dam.; 4ft.
A George III red walnut and mahogany rectangular drop-leaf Table, circa 1800, the ring turned tapering legs ending in brass capping and castors, 107 by 157cm. fully extended;
3ft. 6in. by 5ft. 2m.
A George III mahogany rectangular Cheval Dressing Mirror, circa 1800, the square supports with a pair of brass candle holders and later turned vase-shaped finials, the splayed
feet joined by a pole stretcher, on brass capping and castors, 56cm. wide;
A George III mahogany
Pembroke Work Table, circa 1800, with
ebonized-strung borders, with a real and
dummy drawer to the opposing sides,
the ring turned legs ending in brass
capping and castors, 56cm. wide;
A George III mahogany standing
Corner Cupboard on later Base, circa
1760, with den tilled and pear-drop
cornice, with stop fluted canted corners,
the den tilled cornice and blind-fret frieze
above a door with later geometric
astragals, the interior with shaped
shelves, below is a paneled door and a
molded plinth, 201cm. high by 74cm.
wide; 6ft. fin. by 2ft. 5in.
A George II red walnut oval
drop-leaf Table, circa 1750, on circular
tapering legs and pad feet, 114 by 122cm.
extended; 3ft. 9in. by 4ft.
A set of five George III mahogany Chairs, circa 1790, with stick splats and slip-in seats, the tapered and chamfered square legs joined by stretchers.
A William and Mary small oak Refectory Table, Charles II oak Chairs, A Charles II oak Joint Stool, A 17th Century-style draw-leaf Refectory Table
A William and Mary small oak Refectory Table, Charles II oak Chairs, A Charles II oak Joint Stool, A 17th Century-style draw-leaf Refectory Table
A William and Mary small oak Refectory Table, circa 1690, the associated detachable top above square baluster turned legs joined by peripheral stretchers, altered and restored,
4 by 140cm.; 2ft. 5in. by 4ft. 7in.
A Queen Anne oak Bureau, circa 1710, the later top above a fall enclosing a stepped and fitted interior with a well, below are two short and two long drawers, on later shaped
bracket feet, 97cm. high by 83cm. wide; 3ft. 2in. by
2ft. 82in.
A William and Mary-style beech
Armchair, made-up, with pierced scroll
cresting rail and cane splat, the cane seat
with a floral cushion, the square and
turned legs joined by stretchers.
A George IV ash and elm
spindle-back child’s Armchair, circa
1825, with projecting wings and stuffed
seat, the turned legs joined by stretchers.
A George II child’s oak Mule
Chest, circa 1740, with hinged cover, the
E plinth base with two drawers, on shaped
racket feet, one drawer with distressed
floor, 44cm. high by 70cm. wide;
A set of four Charles II oak
Chairs, circa 1680, the later carved backs
with fielded rectangular panels, the solid
seats above square and turned legs
joined by stretchers, cresting rail faults
A William and Mary oak oval
Gate leg Table, circa 1690, the shaped
apron with a drawer, the square and
turned legs joined by stretchers, on
knurled feet, 90 by 98cm.; 2ft. by
3ft. 22in.
A Queen Anne walnut Stool,
made-up, the rectangular stuffed seat
covered in rose-pink dragon, on cabriole
legs and pad feet, 51cm. wide; 8in.
A Charles II child’s oak boarded
Chest, circa 1680, with steel escutcheon
and hasp, 70cm. wide; 2ft.
A Charles II oak Joint Stool, circa
1680, the square and turned legs joined
by stretchers, 46cm. wide; 6in.;
together with a Charles II-style oak Joint
Stool, made-up, the square and baluster
turned legs joined by stretchers, 43cm.
wide; 5in.
A Commonwealth oak Press
Cupboard, circa 1650, with projecting
carved frieze and turned pendants,
above a pair of doors and carved panel,
below are two drawers and a pair of
multi-paneled doors, on stem feet,
altered and restored, 183cm. high by 142cm.
wide; 5ft. 4in. by 4ft. 8in.
A 17th Century-style draw-leaf
Refectory Table, made-up, the bulbous
turned legs joined by
stretcher, on bun feet, 86cm. by z62cm.
fully extended; 2ft. by 8ft. 7in.
A Charles II oak Coffer, circa 1680, the later hinged top above a carved front, with tipple panels and stem feet, 120cm. wide; 3ft.
A Charles II oak Coffer, circa 1680, with lunette carved frieze above triple panels and lozenge motifs, on stem feet, restored, 114cm. wide; 3ft. 9in.
A 17th Century-style carved oak Press Cupboard, made-up, the upper section with hinged cover and four paneled doors, below are a larger pair of multi-paneled doors, 168cm. high,
by 170cm. wide; 5ft. 6in. by 5ft. 7in.
A George III oak Bureau, circa
1770, the cleared fall revealing a later
fitted interior, below are two snort and
three long graduated drawers, on later
shaped bracket feet, 109cm. high by 92cm.
wide; 3ft. 7in. by 3ft.
A Charles II oak Coffer, circa 1680, with guilloche carved frieze and terminals, the hinged and paneled cover above a triple-paneled front, 133cm. wide; 4ft. 4m.
An Italian 17th Century-style carved walnut Armchair, circa 1880, the paneled back with heraldic cresting, the splat carved with arabesques and plaque titled Siena, the
guilloche scroll arms above a solid seat, the turned and fluted tapering legs joined by an ‘H’-shaped stretcher.
Crest reputed to be that of the Duke of Orson
A Charles II oak Joint Stool, circa
1680, with scroll apron, the square and
turned legs joined by stretchers.
A Queen Anne walnut
Escritoire-on-Chest, circa 1710, inlaid
with feather-banding, the cushion frieze
drawer above the fail with segmented
veneers, revealing an inset and an
arrangement of drawers and
pigeonholes surrounding a cupboard,
below are two short and two long
drawers, on later bun feet, 165cm. high by
94cm. wide; 5ft. 5in. by 3ft.
French carved rosewood and upholstered Suite of Seat Furniture, Louis XV-style kingwood and marquetry Writing Table, French boulle and ebonised Pier Cabinet
French carved rosewood and upholstered Suite of Seat Furniture, Louis XV-style kingwood and marquetry Writing Table, French boulle and ebonised Pier Cabinet
A French carved rosewood and upholstered Suite of Seat Furniture, covered in nailed turquoise dralon, the moulded frames with foliate motifs, on cabriole legs, comprising: four
Salon Chairs, a pair of Armchairs and a Canape, cm. wide. ft. in.
A Dutch oak Display Cabinet-
on-Chest, the foliate carved
domed cornice above a pair of geometric
astragal doors flanked by Corinthian
pilasters, the ogee-shaped base with a
valanced apron, the fluted canted
corners ending in splayed feet, cm.
high by cm. wide. ft. Vin. by
ft. in.
A Louis XV-style kingwood and
marquetry Writing Table,
with gilt-metal mounts, the serpentine top now with a floral embroidered inset covering an inset tooled leather writing surface, the cabriole legs ending in sabots, cm. wide.
ft. lVin.
A French rosewood and inlaid
Cylinder Bureau, the marble
top with a three-quarter gallery above a
guIIIoche frieze, the parquetry and
marquetry fall revealing an inset slide,
four drawers and a recess, below is an
arrangement of four drawers and a
shaped apron, the square cabriole legs
ending in sabots, cm. high by cm.
wide. ft. in. by ft. Wfrxn.
A French boulle and ebonised
Pier Cabinet, in two parts,
with gilt-metal mounts, the raised back
with a drapery surmount and open tier,
below is a door with oval panel flanked
by canted corners, on a shaped plinth
base, bearing paper labels of Passemard
Freres, Paris, cm. high by cm. wide.
ft. lin.
An Austrian mahogany Vide-
Poche, with brass mouldings,
the oval top with a moulded gallery and
a drawer, the lyre-shaped end supports
joined by a platform with turned vase
finials, the turned end supports joined
by a pole stretcher, on castors, cm.
wide. lft. Vin.
A French boulle and ebonised
Bonheur du Jour, with
gilt-metal mounts and canted corners,
the raised back with a pierced gallery
above a pair of doors with oval panels
and two apron drawers, the base with a
serpentined dual-action slide above a
drawer, the square cabriole legs ending
in sabots, cm. high by cm. wide.
ft. Vin.
A French mahogany and gilt-metal mounted Bijouterie Cabinet, the bevelled glass top and bowed glazed sides with a velvet-lined interior and a glass shelf, the shaped apron
above square cabriole legs ending in sabots, cm. wide. ft. in.
H A Louis XV-style kingwood Table-en-Chiffoniere, with segmented veneers and gilt-metal mounts, the two serpentined drawers above cabriole legs ending in sabots, faults, cm.
wide.
lft. Vin.
A North Italian walnut and fruitwood serpentine-fronted Commode, with segmented veneers, the four long graduated drawers above a shaped apron, on cabriole feet, restored, cm.
high by cm. wide. ft. in. by ft.
A Dutch mahogany Tea Table,
the top with moulded border and
projecting corners, the fold-over action
revealing a well, formerly with divisions, the
frieze with a drawer, the sides with
moulded slides, the cabriole legs joined
by an undertier, on pad feet, cm. wide.
ft. in.
A French kingwood Bonheur du
Jour, with gilt-metal and
Sevres-style porcelain mounts, the whole
with quartered veneers, the raised back
with a pierced gallery, a pair of doors
and two apron drawers, the base with a
frieze drawer and revealing a baize-lined
slide, the square cabriole legs ending in
sabots, cm. high by cm. wide.
ft. lin.
A French ebonised Meuble
dAppui, inlaid with brass
banding, with gilt-metal and Sevres-style
porcelain plaques, the terminals
surmounted by caryatids, the panel door
flanked by a pair of bowed glazed doors
enclosing a velvet-lined and shelved
interior, on a plinth base and turned
feet, cm. high by cm. wide. ft. llin.
by ft.
A quantity of French ormolu and
gilt-metal Mounts, including
mouldings
A South German or North Italian
carved giltwood and gesso Console
Table, of serpentine shape,
with a mottled pink and green marble
top, a drawer in the frieze and cabriole
legs carved with foliage and scrollwork,
cm. high by cm. wide. ft.
A Louis XV-style parquetry
Commode, the serpentine
top centred by a floral marquetry oval,
the front with two long graduated
drawers and bronze metal mounts, on
splayed legs ending in sabots, cm.
wide. ft. /n.
A George III-style satinwood and inlaid oval Tray, with pierced brass gallery and brass carrying handles, cm. wide. ft. in.
A George IV ebonised and cut-brass inlaid Standish,
with brass moulded border, brass carrying handle, lidded compartment and two ink bottles, below is a drawer and bun feet, cm. wide. lft. lin.
A Victorian coromandel Games
Box, with brass inlaid
key-pattern borders, the hinged cover
with playing card motifs, the lined
interior with compartments, accessories
and card scorers, cm. wide. llin.
A George III small tortoiseshell
veneered Tea Caddy, of
elongated octagonal form, with hinged
cover and lidded compartment, on bun
feet, cm. wide.
A Victorian coromandel Work
Box, with mother-of-pearl
inlaid medallion and escutcheon, the
lined interior with a mirror, tray and
compartments, together with mother-
of-pearl accessories, cm. wide. lft.
WALNUT OCCASIONAL TABLE, ANTIQUE BOW-FRONT CHEST, GILT-METAL MOUNTED TABLE, ANTIQUE WARDROBE
WALNUT OCCASIONAL TABLE, ANTIQUE BOW-FRONT CHEST, GILT-METAL MOUNTED TABLE, ANTIQUE WARDROBE
A WALNUT OCCASIONAL TABLE, Victorian, with circular top and triform galleried undertier, cm. high
A SET OF TWELVE BEECHWOOD CHAIRS, Louis XVI style, with oval button upholstered backs and bowed seats, on fluted turned legs
AN ANTIQUE EXTENDING DINING TABLE, Regency, comprising: two D-shaped ends and a leaf insertion, on ring-turned legs, cm. wide. by cm. long fully extended
A BOW-FRONT CHEST, George III, with two short and three long graduated drawers, on bracket feet, cm. high by cm. wide.
A PAIR OF WALNUT DINING CHAIRS, George I, with vase-shaped splats and drop-in seats, on cabriole legs
AN ANTIQUE BOW-FRONT CHEST, early 19th Century and 18th Century, the inlaid top above an arrangement of five drawers, on bracket feet, cm. wide.
AN ANTIQUE AND PARCEL-
GILT WALL MIRROR, George III style,
the bevelled glass within a fretwork frame
surmounted by a carved eagle, cm.
high
A WALNUT BUREAU, Queen Anne style, the fall above three inverted serpentine drawers, on shell carved cabriole legs, cm. wide.
A WALNUTX-FRAME STOOL, Victorian, with a needlepoint cover, the supports joined by a jewelled stretcher and with dolphins head feet
A ROSEWOOD WORK-TABLE, mid-19th Century and 18th Century, with a serpentine hinged top and cabriole legs, cm. wide.
AN ANTIQUE WARDROBE, Victorian, the lower central chest with two short and three long drawers, flanked by a pair of cupboards, on a plinth base, with reel mouldings throughout,
cm. high by cm. wide.
A KINGWOOD AND GILT-METAL
MOUNTED VITRINE, Louis XV style, with
Vernis Martin decorated panels on cabriole
legs, cm. high by cm. wide.
AN ANTIQUE CHEST, George III, with two short and three long drawer, on bracket feet, cm. wide.
ANAMBOYNA AND CROSSBANDED COMMODE, Louis XVI style, modern, with a serpentine alabaster top and gilt-metal mounts, on fluted turned feet, cm. wide.
A PAIR OF CARVED AND PAINTED FAUTEUILS, Louis XVI style, with pierced ribbon crestings and claret damask upholstery, on fluted legs
A PAIR OF CARVED BEECHWOOD FAUTEUILS, Louis XVI style, with floral crestings and striped damask upholstery, on fluted turned legs
A GILT-METAL MOUNTED TABLE, Louis XVI style, with a tulipwood and amboyna veneered top, cm diam.
A MARQUETRY COMMODE,
Louis XV style, with a green marble top and
gilt-metal mounts, cm. wide.
A KINGWOOD PARQUETRY CABINET, Louis XV style, with a green marble top above a door enclosing a mirrored interior, cm. wide.
A BURR-VENEERED TABLE OUVRAGE, Louis XV style, with gilt-metal mounts and cabriole legs, cm. wide.
WALNUT FURNITURE, George I carved red walnut Armchair, Queen Anne walnut and featherbanded Chest-on-Stand, George I walnut Bureau
WALNUT FURNITURE, George I carved red walnut Armchair, Queen Anne walnut and featherbanded Chest-on-Stand, George I walnut Bureau
A Queen Anne walnut Chest, inlaid with featherbanding, with two short and three long graduated drawers, on shaped bracket feet, restored, cm. high by cm. wide.; ft.
A George I walnut Chair, the scroll cresting rail above a vase-shaped splat and slip-in needlework seat, the carved cabriole legs with H-shaped stretchers and pad feet, one
scroll to the knee lacking, worm
A Queen Anne walnut Chest-oa-
Stand, made-up, inlaid with satinwood
stringing, the moulded cornice above two
short and three long graduated drawers,
the stand with two drawers and a shaped
apron, on cabriole legs and pad feet.
restored, cm.
A pair of George I walnut Chairs,
with vase-shaped splats and
slip-in seats, the square legs joined by
stretchers
A Queen Anne walnut and
crossbanded Bureau, inlaid
with featherbanding, the fall with a folio
rest and revealing a stepped and fitted
interior with a well, below are two short
and two.long drawers, on later shaped
bracket feet, restored, cm. high by cm.
wide.; ft. Vin. by ft.
A WIIIiam and Mary oyster walnut and satinwood banded Chest-on-Stand, with satinwood banding and segmented veneers, with two short and two long drawers, the stand with a
drawer and spiral-twist legs joined by stretchers, on bun feet, cm. high by cm. wide.; ft. Ain. by ft. lin., the stand with alterations
A Queen Anne walnut and crossbanded Escritoire-on-Chest, inlaid with featherbanding, the moulded cornice and cushion frieze drawer above a fall revealing an arrangement of
pigeon-holes, small drawers and a cupboard, below are two short and two long drawers, on later shaped bracket feet, restored, faults, cm. high by cm. wide.; ft. Ain. by ft. in.
A George II large red walnut oval drop-leaf Table, with ogee arched apron, the bold cabriole legs ending in pad feet, one pad foot partially lacking, by cm. extended; ft. in.
by ft.
A George I carved red walnut
Armchair, with vase-shaped
splat and eagle head arms, the stuffed
bowed seat above cabriole legs with scroll
knees, on daw and ball feet, restored
A WIIIiam and Mary-style walnut
Torchere, made-up, the decagonal top
with starburst inlay, the turned and
chamfered tapered pIIIar above tripod
scroll supports, cm. high; ft. in.
A George II red walnut kneehole Dressing Table, with a frieze drawer and shallow apron drawer, the recessed cupboard flanked by six short drawers, on shaped bracket feet, cm.
high by cm. wide.; ft. by ft. in.
A WIIIiam and Mary walnut Chest-on-Stand, the sides in pine, the crossbanded drawers with later cock beading, the stand with a drawer above shaped brackets, now lacking legs,
faults, altered and restored, cm. high by cm. wide.; ft. in. by ft. in.
A George II walnut oval drop-leaf Table, on circular tapering legs and pad feet, faults, by cm. extended; ft. m. by ft. m.
A Queen Anne-style walnut and crossbanded Side Table, made-up, inlaid with featherbanding, the quarter veneered top above three drawers and a shaped apron, on cabriole legs and
pad feet, cm. wide.; ft. in.
A Queen Anne walnut and featherbanded Chest-on-Stand, the moulded cornice above two short and three long drawers, the later stand with a convex apron and cabriole legs, on pad
feet, faults, restored, cm. high by cm. wide.; ft. in. by ft. Ain.
A WIIIiam and Mary oyster walnut
cushion frame Wall Mirror,
with later rectangular plate and an ovolo
surround, restored, now lacking the
surmount, cm. high by cm. wide.;
ft. Whin, by lft. Vin.
A George I walnut Chest-on-Chest, inlaid with featherbanding, the moulded cornice above three short and three long graduated drawers, below are two short and two long
drawers, the sides with crossbanding, on shaped bracket feet, restored and re-veneered, cm. high by cm. wide.; ft. by ft. in.
A George I walnut Bureau, circa
with later mahogany crossbanding
and satinwood inlay, including an oval
medallion with ivory cherub motifs, the
fall revealing a fitted interior with
pigeon-holes and six small drawers,
below are four long graduated drawers,
on later bracket feet, altered and restored,
cm. high by .cm. wide.; ft. by
ft.
A Wiffin aad Mary walnut and
seaweed imiipilij Cabmrt-on-Stand,
the moulded cornice above a
cushion frieze drawer, the pair of doors
revealing a cupboard surrounded by an
arrangement of drawers and enclosing
four further drawers, the stand with a
drawer and shaped apron, now on
cabriole legs and pad feet, restored, veneers
fmrhmfh Imdamg, cm. high by cm.
maV. ft..
Provenance: By repute formerly the ptupem of the Rowley Family in Shrewsbury.
Edwardian Chest of Drawer. Art Deco 1920`s Chests of Drawers
CHESTS OF DRAWERS - 1860-1930
The period 1860-1930 is not particularly associated with beautiful chests of drawers in the traditional antique collector’s view. Wooden knobs and nasty turned feet are what spring immediately to mind. Unlike the 18th century, where the chest played a decorative role, the chest of drawers was relegated to the bedroom in the 19th century and replaced by display cabinets and other pieces in the more public rooms. Thus the pieces tend to be commodious and very functional, with some design aberrations as a gesture to current taste, but not very lovely.
At the end of the century, back went the chest to 18th century styling in addition to current forms. It was perhaps the Arts and Crafts Movement who reclaimed the chest of drawers as a more interesting piece and,
subsequently, the Cotswold designers Gimson, the Barnsleys and Gordon Russell produced pieces in solid native woods that were based on traditional forms but clean in line and of pleasing appearance. The trade
always produced pine and deal chests in quantity and the chest also appeared, of course, in Jacobethan, burr walnut bedappled and plain forms.
A mahogany chest of drawers with twist-turned columns down the sides and a heavy, serpentine-moulded top drawer. The mahogany veneers used are of high quality, with well-matched figure repeated from drawer to drawer, but the overall effect is heavy. It is a type popular from the 1840s onwards, although by 1880 it must have been out of fashion. 1840-1870
Another chest in mahogany of sub-classical design of a type originating in the 1840s and based on French classical types. Well made, with well matched veneers but nowadays considered ponderous. 1840-1860
A mahogany chest with three deep drawers at the top. Sometimes the middle deep top drawer is fitted as a secretaire, which adds to value. The quality of veneers is good but the effect is ponderous, particularly
the bottom apron which appears to have a drawer in it. These chests, like the previous two, were built usually of deal, with mahogany veneer, for cheapness and many now suffer from missing pieces of veneer due to wear. It is not difficult to repair small missing pieces but the effect before repair tends to put purchasers off. 1850-1870
Another ponderous chest, but this time bow-fronted. Not really of the correct proportions for modification to an ‘18th century’ bow front on splayed feet by a `converter’, so has to be sold more or less for what
it is. 1850-1880
Possibly the epitome of the good quality Victorian mahogany chest of drawers tall, bow fronted, with splendid use of `feather’ mahogany veneers. Capacious, well-built and with drawers fitted to run
smoothly. The wooden knobs have been turned with some decorative ridging which refines the bluntness of the ordinary bulbous knob. The bun-shaped and tapered turned feet are also typical. The gradation of the
drawer depths is also well handled on this example. Altogether a very professional piece of furniture but, unlike 18th century chests, not very suitable for rooms other than the bedroom and therefore restricted in price accordingly. 1850-1870
Back to the 18th century a mahogany bow-fronted chest on splay feet in the ‘Hepplewhite’ style but with original wooden knobs, whereas Hepplewhite would have had pressed brass plates and handles.
Made in quite large quantities and now often `converted’ to an 18th century piece by modification back to brass handles. If a bit tall for 18th century proportion, then it might be further modified by having a drawer
removed and the carcase re-jigged. 1880-1900
A chest made by Shoolbred & Co. in emulation of a French Empire style, with a marble top. It is made in solid mahogany with mahogany veneered drawer fronts and solid mahogany mouldings, so must have been expensive. Now considered somewhat dark and sombre, so not particularly valued.
A ‘Chippendale’ mahogany serpentine fronted chest of drawers, with a brushing slide and canted corners with blind fretted decoration, on bracket feet. A good reproduction of a mid-18th century chest.
A mahogany serpentine- fronted chest on chest incorporating two short drawers, six long drawers and a brushing slide. The canted corners are embellished with blind fretwork of Chippendale pattern and the
top moulding is dentilled. Although the quality of workmanship appears to be good, the proportion is too cramped for 18th century work. Doubtless a useful piece for the smaller rooms of the early 20th century.
1910-1930
A typical Edwardian chest of drawers, with solid plinth base. Available at the time in either ’satin walnut’ which is a kind of solid yellow-brown wood, imported from America or oak. It has pressed bronze
handles and plates. The incised horizontal moulding machined across the drawer fronts and down the sides is a feature of the period. 1900-1910
An Edwardian mahogany chest of drawers, on a solid plinth base, with satinwood crossbanding and oval pressed brass handles to give a ‘Sheraton’ look.
Another typical Edwardian form of chest, known at the time as a ‘Scotch’ chest. The drawer edges are bevelled or fielded. The arrangement of the top drawers, with one deep central unit and pairs of small
drawers flanking it, dates back to press chests of the 18th century. Available in walnut or mahogany. 1900-1910
A cupboard chest of drawers favoured by Percy Wells for use in the bedroom, where the fall-front cupboard, intended for hats, had ‘met with cordial approval’. Presumably this was intended for ladies, since the vision of lustful 1920s male cottage visitors, dashing into the bedroom with their hats still on, having missed the hall stand or rack recommended by Wells (elsewhere) in their ardour on the way, and stuffing the offending garment into the top of the cupboard chest (before or afterwards) ‘with cordial approval’ is even more than D.H. Lawrence might conceive. Actually Wells also recommended similar cupboard chests, with added boot and book shelves below and above respectively, for the living room. There is a hint that the fall front chest might replace the bureau, using the flap for writing purposes. c.1920
An oak chest of drawers of slightly progressive design with ‘oxidised’ metal handles. A reduction by a commercial manufacturer of ‘art nouveau’ styling to a simpler form Plain Furniture is on the way. 1900-1910
Three waxed oak chests by Maurice Adams, showing reliance on late 17th and early 18th century designs. A turned-leg stretchered variety for the raised first example, called a ‘Cromwell’ design by the maker; bracket feet and bun feet for the more conventional types.
Three mahogany reproduction style chests from Maurice Adams. The feet are a semi-cabriole splayed variety in deference to prevailing I good’ taste, i.e. for quasi-Queen Anne. c.1925
Chest of drawers in oak with walnut handles by Gordon Russell. Wardrobe and mirror to match. Note the inlaid ebony-andbox chequer lines beloved of the movement, particularly the Cotswold Crafties. Simple and
functional: the wooden handles are a particular trademark of Russell’s. c.1930
Antique 19th Century French Chest of Drawer
FRENCH CHESTS AND CHESTS OF DRAWERS About 1800-1850
German commode in French Empire style, about 1810.
The lidded chest continues to be made as a purely utilitarian article – e.g. blanket chest, tool chest; and as a decorative one also in some areas – Scandinavia, Russia, Poland and the Baltic countries. Chests made by peasant communities in Catalonia in the mid-19thC can easily be mistaken for 17thC examples.
French mahogany commode, the drawers flanked by monopodia, about 1820.
The grand, commode-type chest of drawers survives as a salon piece in French Empire style, current throughout most of Europe, 1800-15; but from then until about 1850 (excepting revivals of Louis XV) is made in plainer, more functional fashion and banished to the bourgeois bedroom, where it is seen at its best in the Biedermeier style, originating in Austria about 1815, spreading to Germany, Scandinavia and Russia, so carrying on a sober version of Empire neo-classicism until
about 1830, after which historic revivals (Gothic, rococo, Renaissance, baroque) begin to intrude.
Mahogany popular at first but British blockade of Napoleonic Europe creates scarcity, thus stimulating use of native timbers – cherry, birch, pine, walnut, fruitwoods, poplar, ash (but not oak) – with growing preference for pale woods.
Empire-Biedermeier: Usually rectilinear, but semi-bombe shape used by Danhauser, Vienna, about 1815. In popular type, top drawer projects as if resting on a pair of cylindrical columns. A tall, slim type (called semainier in France) has seven drawers – one for each day of the week. Although guilds had been disbanded in France, Germany and Aus-Column capped by decorative metal ringmouldings.
trig, the strict training of apprentices continued as before, resulting in a high degree of craftsmanship, aided from the 1820s by English inventions, e.g. glass paper, improved saws and planes. New machines for planing, drilling, cutting mortises and producing veneers in large sheets were introduced during the Biedermeier period, and large factories set up (notably Danhauser’s, Vienna); but methods of assembly with traditional mortise-and-tenon and dovetail joints remained much the same as before. They are always concealed, the Biedermeier ideal being a flush surface, sometimes broken by a recessed arch set at the centre of the drawers, the rails also sometimes hidden by overlapping drawer-fronts.
Recessed arch, sometimes found on Biedermeier furniture.
Empire: Imperial symbols as gilt bronze mounts, imitated in brass for cheaper products. Marquetry in dark woods on light ground revived after restoration of French monarchy in 1815.
Biedermier chest of drawers, about 1825.
Biedermeier: Marquetry and mounts similar to Empire; ivory or bone escutcheon plates around keyhole — perhaps as an aid to finding key; it is often the only thing to grip, handles being sacrificed to Biedermeier passion for flatness.
French polishing introduced in France during Empire period. Austria and Germany used stains for first time during Biedermeier period, especially to simulate ebony (for bandings) and mahogany. Even then, walnut never stained. Grain of veneer on drawer-fronts runs vertically. Top edges of drawers masked with thick veneer except in Sweden, where pine foundation is usually visible; this also applies to many 18thC Swedish bureaux.
Chests of drawers of this period in pale woods not very fashionable but still not over-expensive. Darker woods, especially mahogany (the most expensive when new), now wanted rather less — excellent value.
MOCK-BIEDERMEIER
Much pretentious, poorly made, post-1850 Germanic furniture is now sold under the fashionable Biedermeier label. The best was made before 1830, is of high quality and severe-looking. Anything made after the 1840 revolution is unlikely to be true to the Biedermeier ideal of beauty — best expressed, someone once said, in the music of Schubert.
Continous vertical grain of veneer.
About 1850-1890
19thC Swiss traditional dough trough.
Contemporary chests of drawers commodious but not very elegant. Commodes in 18thC rococo style, but with original touches, produced by Leistler of Vienna, Linke and Zwiener of Paris, followed by revival of Louis XVI style. Copies of originals by Carlin (18thC ebeniste) incorporating oriental lacquer panels, made by H. Dasson but signed with own name.
In Holland, bombe commodes reproduced and marquetry flowers and birds added to plain old ones.
Lidded chests: French Provincial or Swiss dough trough (male or petrin) – a tapered chest resting on a stand, with Louis XIII-type turned legs and, very often, with Louis XV-type cabriole feet.
Swiss mahogany chest of drawers, about 1865.
Contemporary type: Mahogany, oak, walnut veneer.
Reproductions: Wide variety of exotic woods.
Rural types: Local timbers.
Traditional methods employed with great attention to detail on fine quality reproductions. Some contemporary types hand-made, many machine-assisted.
Veneered types: Marquetry, ormolu mounts (often poor).
Rural types (solid): Carving.
Veneered types: French polished.
Rural types: oiled and waxed or left in natural state. Painting of figures and flowers in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.
Good quality 19thC copies of Louis XV and Louis XVI commodes now sell at fairly high prices, especially if signed by well-known maker, e.g. Linke or Dasson. Bulky, contemporary types often well-made, inexpensive but not easy to re-sell when they have outlived their usefulness.
19thC COPIES
The interiors of 19thC copies are generally better finished than those of the originals. Signatures, when present, are more conspicuous, and some (Linke’s especially) have been forged in recent years.